英国利物浦约翰摩尔斯大学的马克‧贝利斯(Mark A Bellis)教授等,于2007年在《流行病学与社会健康》(Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health)期刊上曾刊登过一份研究报告,研究对象涵盖了1956到1999年间成名的1064名北美和欧洲流行歌星,包括猫王埃尔维斯‧普雷斯利(Elvis Presley)和说唱艺人埃米纳姆(Eminem)在内。结果表明,流行歌星成名后3到25年的死亡率显着高于普通大众70%以上。北美和欧洲流行歌星的中位死亡年龄分别为42岁和35岁,明显比一般人的寿命短。³³⁹
杰里米‧阿米尔‧罗森克兰茨教授³⁵¹(Jeremy Amiel Rosenkranz, PhD)是美国罗莎琳德‧富兰克林医学与科学大学(Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science)压力恢复和精神疾病神经生物学中心(Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders)的成员、脑科学研究所的所长。他牵头做过一个慢性恐惧对人的身体影响的研究³⁵²,2020年发表在《大脑行为免疫》(Brain Behav Immun)期刊上。
该研究使用了一个已经被公认的一个“大鼠反覆社交失败压力”模型(Repeated Social Defeat Stress,简称RSDS)。这个模型中使用了两个不同品种的大鼠,一个是成年雄性斯普拉格—道利大鼠(Sprague-Dawley rat,简称SD大鼠),SD大鼠是一种非攻击性大鼠,而另一种不同品系的是具有攻击性的成年雄性长埃文斯大鼠(Long-Evans rat,简称LE大鼠)。
弗里德曼的研究团队共同提出了一种理论,认为长期愤怒和不耐烦的人的“A型”行为会增加心脏病发作的风险,并在1974年出版了一本畅销书《A型行为和你的心脏》³⁵⁶(Type A Behavior and Your Heart)。
1991年,英国伦敦大学精神病学研究所心理学系的汉斯‧J‧艾森克(Hans J. Eysenck, 1916—1997)发表在《欧洲人格杂志》(European Journal of Personality)³⁵⁷的文章和出版的《吸烟、性格和压力 预防癌症和冠心病的心理社会因素》³⁵⁸(Smoking, Personality, and Stress: Psychosocial Factors in the Prevention of Cancer and Coronary Heart Disease)一书中,总结了三个长期随访中得到的流行病学研究结论,进一步确认了愤怒、攻击性和敌意的A型人格行为特征是冠心病(CHD)的危险因素。
来自美国加州大学洛杉矶分校的心理神经免疫学中心的迈克尔‧R‧厄文(Michael R. Irwin)博士、美国乔治亚州亚特兰大埃默里大学医学院的安德鲁‧H‧米勒(Andrew H. Miller)博士通过总结20年来对抑郁这种精神现象的研究数据,在《大脑、行为和免疫力》 (Brain, Behavior, Immunity)上发表论文指出,经常抑郁的人,淋巴细胞的增值反应力下降,T细胞对病毒免疫应答减弱,NK细胞的活性下降,这样导致人体抗肿瘤、抗病毒免疫力整体下降,使人体容易生长肿瘤、感染病毒和细菌。³⁶⁰
2017年8月8日,美国长春藤名校宾夕法尼亚大学(University of Pennsylvania)图书馆发表了一篇应用积极心理学硕士(Master of Applied Positive Psychology, MAPP) 论文综述,标题是“宽恕:如何体现在我们的健康、福祉和长寿中”(Forgiveness: How it Manifests in our Health, Wellbeing, and Longevity)³⁶⁶,论文作者是凯西‧诺曼(Kathi Norman)博士。
随着公众兴趣的不断增长,截止到2023年8月4日,有2997篇关于冥想(Meditation)为主要医学主题词(MeSH Major Topic)的学术论文发表在美国国家医学图书馆(National Library of Medicine)管理的公共医学文献资料库(Public Medline,简称PubMed)中。海量的研究证明,冥想、打坐或正念相关的练习能够减轻压力症状,降低压力激素水平,提升情绪控制能力,改善抑郁情绪,整体上良性调整大脑,逆转年龄相关的大脑结构和功能的衰老,提升免疫力等等。
5.5.1 打坐减轻压力反应
研究显示,冥想练习可以减少耗氧量,降低血压和心率,并且与在应激反应期间引发的“战斗或逃跑”(fight or flight)反应相反,被称为“放松反应”。
2007年,美国明尼苏达大学和加拿大多伦多大学的学者在《动机和情感》(Motivation and Emotion)期刊发表题为“正念冥想和减少对认知任务的情绪干扰”(Mindfulness meditation and reduced emotional interference on a cognitive task)的文章中说,研究发现,打坐者较少被带给人负面情绪的照片(如展示车祸或暴力场景)吓倒,他们控制情绪的能力增加了。³⁷⁷
2018年,加州大学洛杉矶分校人类遗传学教授兼生物统计学家史蒂夫‧霍瓦斯(Steve Horvath)在《自然评论-遗传学》(Nature Reviews Genetics)发表的文章《衰老的表观遗传时钟》(DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing)指出,人类DNA的甲基化状态随着年龄增长而变化,并可通过甲基化谱来估计生物年龄,进一步观察基因甲基化情况可精确衡量衰老进程。³⁸²
2007年,埃默里大学精神病学和行为科学系的朱塞佩‧帕尼奥尼(Giuseppe Pagnoni)和米洛斯‧切基奇(Milos Cekic)发表在《衰老的神经生物学》(Neurobiology of Aging)上的对照研究结果显示,从健康个体中观察到的与年龄相关的大脑衰老情况可通过定期冥想得到减缓。³⁸⁴
332. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Georg Christoph Lichtenberg”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georg-Christoph-Lichtenberg. Accessed 31 July 2023.
333. Hoosain Ebrahim (Director) (Medical photographer) & Robin Williams (1982) Kirlian photography—an appraisal, Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine, 5:3, 84-91, DOI: 10.3109/17453058209154332; https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.3109/17453058209154332
337. John O. Pehek et al., Image Modulation in Corona Discharge Photography. Science 194,263-270(1976). DOI:10.1126/science.968480; https://sci-hub.st/10.1126/science.968480.
338. Dr Konstantin Korotkov (Author), Dr Ekaterina Jakovleva (Author). Electrophotonic Applications in Medicine: GDV Bioelectrography Paperback–February 10, 2013. ISBN 978-1481932981.https://www.academia.edu/7359742/GDV_in_Medicine
339. Bellis, M. A., Hennell, T., Lushey, C., Hughes, K., Tocque, K., & Ashton, J. R. (2007). Elvis to Eminem: Quantifying the price of fame through early mortality of European and North American rock and pop stars. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61(10), 896-901.https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.059915
340. Barondess, J. A. (2004). How to Live a Long Time: Facts, Factoids and Descants. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, 116, 77-89.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1473132/
341. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Leopold Stokowski”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leopold-Stokowski. Accessed 4 August 2023.
342. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Arturo Toscanini”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arturo-Toscanini. Accessed 4 August 2023.
343. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Eugene Ormandy”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-Ormandy. Accessed 4 August 2023.
344. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Baronet”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Thomas-Beecham-2nd-Baronet. Accessed 4 August 2023.
345. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Morton Gould”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Feb. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Morton-Gould. Accessed 4 August 2023.
352. Munshi, S., Loh, M. K., Ferrara, N., DeJoseph, M. R., Ritger, A., Padival, M., Record, M. J., Urban, J. H., & Rosenkranz, J. A. (2020). Repeated stress induces a pro-inflammatory state, increases amygdala neuronal and microglial activation, and causes anxiety in adult male rats. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 84, 180–199.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7010555/pdf/nihms-1546584.pdf
353. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “character”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Feb. 2016, https://www.britannica.com/science/character-biology. Accessed 27 July 2023.
359. Sahoo, S., Padhy, S. K., Padhee, B., Singla, N., & Sarkar, S. (2018). Role of personality in cardiovascular diseases: An issue that needs to be focused too! Indian Heart Journal, 70(Suppl 3), S471.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.11.003
360. Irwin, M. R., & Miller, A. H. (2007). Depressive disorders and immunity: 20 years of progress and discovery. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 21(4), 374–383.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.01.010
362. Fredrickson, B. L., Grewen, K. M., Coffey, K. A., Algoe, S. B., Firestine, A. M., Arevalo, J. M., Ma, J., & Cole, S. W. (2013). A functional genomic perspective on human well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(33), 13684-13689.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305419110
366. Norman, K. (2017). Forgiveness: How it Manifests in our Health, Well-being, and Longevity..Master of Applied PositivePsychology (MAPP) Capstone Projects. University of Pennsylvania. 122.http://repository.upenn.edu/mapp_capstone/122
367. Bower JE, Kemeny ME, Taylor SE, Fahey JL. Finding positive meaning and its association with natural killer cell cytotoxicity among participants in a bereavement-related disclosure intervention. Ann Behav Med. 2003 Spring;25(2):146-55.https://academic.oup.com/abm/article/25/2/146/4631586
368. Cohen, R., Bavishi, C., & Rozanski, A. (2016). Purpose in Life and Its Relationship to All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-Analysis. Psychosomatic medicine, 78(2), 122–133.https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000274
369. Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Barnes LL, Bennett DA. Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older persons. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;67(3):304-10. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.208
370. Boyle, P. A., Barnes, L. L., Buchman, A. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2009). Purpose in Life Is Associated With Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Persons. Psychosomatic medicine, 71(5), 574.https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181a5a7c0
371. Naelys Diaz, E. Gail Horton & Tammy Malloy (2014) Attachment Style, Spirituality, and Depressive Symptoms Among Individuals in Substance Abuse Treatment, Journal of Social Service Research, 40:3, 313-324, DOI: 10.1080/01488376.2014.896851, https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2014.896851
372. Salt, E., Wiggins, A. C., Rayens, M. K., Johnson, R., Hardy, J. K., Segerstrom, S., & Crofford, L. J. (2018). The Relationship Between Life Purpose with Depression and Disability in Acute Low Back Pain Patients. Orthopedic nursing, 37(5), 287.https://doi.org/10.1097/NOR.0000000000000480
373. Dossett, M. L., Fricchione, G. L., & Benson, H. (2020). A New Era for Mind–Body Medicine. The New England journal of medicine, 382(15), 1390.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1917461
374. Clarke, T. C., Barnes, P. M., Black, L. I., Stussman, B. J., & Nahin, R. L. (2018). Use of Yoga, Meditation, and Chiropractors Among U.S. Adults Aged 18 and Over. NCHS data brief, (325), 1–8.https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db325-h.pdf
375. Kabat-Zinn, J., 1990. Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain and Illness. Delacourt, New York.
376. Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Faris, P., & Patel, K. D. (2007). One year pre-post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 21(8), 1038–1049.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17521871/; https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.04.002
377. Ortner, C.N.M., Kilner, S.J. & Zelazo, P.D. Mindfulness meditation and reduced emotional interference on a cognitive task. Motiv Emot 31, 271–283 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-007-9076-7; https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-007-9076-7
378. Desbordes, G., Negi, L. T., Pace, T. W., Wallace, B. A., Raison, C. L., & Schwartz, E. L. (2012). Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 23050.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00292
379. Desbordes, G., Negi, L. T., Pace, T. W., Wallace, B. A., Raison, C. L., & Schwartz, E. L. (2012). Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 23050.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00292
380. Tang, Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225.https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3916
381. Fridovich-Keil, Judith L. and Rogers, Kara. “epigenetics”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Jul. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/science/epigenetics. Accessed 4 August 2023.
382. Horvath, S., & Raj, K. (2018). DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing. Nature Reviews Genetics, 19(6), 371-384.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-018-0004-3
383. Chaix, R., Alvarez-López, M. J., Fagny, M., Lemee, L., Regnault, B., Davidson, R. J., Lutz, A., & Kaliman, P. (2017). Epigenetic clock analysis in long-term meditators. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 85, 210.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.016
384. Pagnoni, G., & Cekic, M. (2007). Age effects on gray matter volume and attentional performance in Zen meditation. Neurobiology of aging, 28(10), 1623–1627.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.06.008
385. Chandran, V., Bermúdez, M. L., Koka, M., Chandran, B., Pawale, D., Vishnubhotla, R., … & Sadhasivam, S. (2021). Large-scale genomic study reveals robust activation of the immune system following advanced Inner Engineering meditation retreat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(51), e2110455118.https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2110455118